Executive Summary: For those who don't want to read the entire review, here is a summary of the book: The author uses every page in this book to depict the adverse effects of immigration. The author does not concede that immigration has any positive effect in any area whatsoever. The author takes every area from economics to crime to health care to social security and explains how immigration into the United States is a disaster.
And that's precisely why it won't be taken seriously by people outside the paranoid radical anti-immigration group. It's a biased book. It's not a book by someone who stepped back, gathered and reviewed all available information and tried to present a reasonable look at the effects of immigration. No. It's a book by someone with a pre-drawn conclusion who spins and selectively chooses facts and falsities to support said pre-drawn conclusion. The book serves no purpose but to be a rallying cry for people who already agree with the author.
Review: Anti-immigrant fanatics in recent years have tried to make the claim that the immigrants of today are different than the immigrants of yesteryear and therefore the same tired old arguments are now valid. Krikorian once argued that point but now admits that today's immigrants "are what they've always been." Krikorian's new thesis is that the same tired old arguments are valid now because America has changed.
21st CENTURY AMERICA IS DIFFERENT: Krikorian starts off by claiming that the conditions of modern society make assimilation difficult. Modern technology permits people to retain ties to their homeland (as if that's a bad thing). But more important is the fact that "elites" in modern societies (not just ours) devalue their own nation and culture and don't insist that immigrants be required to adopt our language, manners and customs.
This "downgrading of allegiance to the national community", according to Krikorian, leads to multiculturalism which he defines as tolerance of cultural diversity as well as "demand for legal recognition of the rights of ethnic, racial, religious or cultural groups". He seems to think that recognizing the rights of minority groups is a bad thing.
Krikorian explains how in the good old days Quakers were banished by the Puritans as unfit for membership in the community. Italians, Jews and others, he goes on, were suspected of being unfit for the nation. He doesn't mention, he doesn't have to, how Native American children were taken from their homes to education camps, beaten for speaking their language and force-fed assimilation. The "elites" in our society frown on that type of behavior today.
DIVERSITY: Despite having claimed that today's immigrants are not systematically different than they were in the past, Krikorian goes on to explain how today's immigrants are systematically different than in the past. The volume of immigrants from a single ethnic group, he argues, lays the groundwork for the development of a parallel culture. Krikorian permits immigrants to retain their tastes in music, dance, art, literature, religion and cuisine "only". However, Krikorian demands that political, economic and social values of their homelands be "abandoned".
According to a study that Krikorian quotes, the effects of immigration driven diversity causes people to withdraw from collective life, to distrust their neighbor, withdraw from friends, volunteer less, give less to charity, register to vote less and have less faith in their community leaders. Permitting diversity offers absolutely no benefit to America. Because of this, Krikorian believes that immigration should be sharply curtailed.
[The study that Kirkorian quotes made an observation; it did not determine the cause. One could argue that the reason people withdraw is a result of the hateful rhetoric spewed by people like Krikorian, not the fact that society is multicultural.]
THREATS TO SOVEREIGNTY: Krikorian's second problem with immigration is that it is a "serious challenge to America's sovereignty". The Mexican government is gradually acquiring more authority over the decision making of federal, state and local governments. As is customary in anti-immigration arguments, Krikorian talks about what "could" happen and not what is actually happening.
Continued immigration will lead to the government of California being prohibited from passing legislation that affects Hispanics without the Mexican consul's permission, Hispanic defendants receiving favorable treatment and foreigners being exempt from local laws. None of this is even close to being reality, but Krikorian says that it's inevitable unless mass immigration is stopped.
Krikorian makes a lame attempt to argue that immigration is restricting America's sovereignty right now. The most serious comes from lobbying American officials. Thanks to Mexico's lobbying efforts, the Mexican consular registration card is recognized by some American institutions as a form of identity. Mexico also lobbied for driver's licenses and in-state tuition for illegal aliens. The Mexican government also produced a contact list for a demonstration that was posted on a website. According to Krikorian the Mexican government hired a lawyer in the Plyler vs. Doe case. Also bi-lingual consulate employees were trained by the U.S. Labor Department [sic] to connect workers with appropriate staff in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
[How any of this affects our sovereignty I'll ever understand. Krikorian has shown how the Mexican government voices its opinion on certain issues. None of what Krikorian produces provides any evidence that our national sovereignty is eroding.]
SAFETY: According to Krikorian, if mass immigration were halted, then it would be more difficult for terrorists and other enemies to live among us. He's not just talking about Islamic terrorists but enemies from other places like Colombia and China. He claims that "there can be little doubt" that North Korea "has a network of agents already in place among the Korean immigrant community in the United States."
[Krikorian, despite his paranoia, makes a valid point here. The more immigrants that come, the more likely one of them will harm someone. This is a valid argument for restricting immigration and securing borders.]
THE ECONOMY: Krikorian claims that immigration lowers the earnings and opportunities of the poorest Americans thereby making it a significant contributor to the problems of the "economically marginal".
Krikorian explains how a "sudden" infusion of immigrants over the past 20 years [I've never heard anyone refer to something that happened over the course of two decades as "sudden"] has reduced wages for high school drop outs by five percent.
Krikorian also claims that mass immigration increases income inequality. If more poor people come to the US, then there is a larger class of poor people. The existence of unskilled labor compliments the higher educated U.S. workforce causes the ranks of the upper middle class to increase. However, it comes as no surprise that Krikorian is short-sighted. Krikorian is unable to see past the U.S. border.
Krikorkian even cites a study that concluded that 10% of African American men that are in jail are there as a result of immigration. He actually believes that there are men in jail, not because of their own decisions, but because immigration drove them to a life of crime. Krikorian should be ashamed of himself.
[Studies have shown that merely graduating from high school can increase one's earnings potential by as much as 40%. The United States provides a K-12 education for every child at no cost to the student. Beyond that additional educational and training opportunities are available to help residents learn job skills. Krikorian's recommendation is to restrict immigration to benefit people who have squandered the myriad of opportunities provided to them. What needs to be done is to encourage high school drop outs to learn to get out of bed in the morning, get a GED and then take responsibility for themselves.]
[With respect to immigration increasing income inequality, the opposite is true. Immigration actually decreases income inequality. The immigrants that have come to the United States have experienced dramatic increases in income and standards of living. In addition their respective families in their home countries also experience increases in standards of living from the remittances that immigrants have sent back.]
INNOVATION: Krikorian also claims that mass immigration has slowed innovation in the United States. Japan, which has severe restrictions on immigration, has developed robots while America uses cheap labor. Japan got robots; we got Mexicans, he says.
[The Japanese econ¬omy grew at an annual rate of only 0.6 percent between 1992 and 2007. During that time, eight countries surpassed Japan's per capita income. Meanwhile the U.S. economy has experienced a period of unprecedented economic growth and increase in standards of living over the past two decades. Should we really endeavor to emulate the Japanese economy?]
WELFARE: Krikorian cites various estimates of how much immigrants cost federal, state and local governments from the cost to educate their children to food stamps and other benefits.
[Again Krikorian makes a valid point. While estimates vary widely, most estimates conclude that immigrants and their children pose some cost to taxpayers in the form of welfare.]
SOCIAL ENGINEERING: In chapter 6 Krikorian claims that mass immigration is permitted by the federal government. It is "social engineering, an attempt by the government to undo the childbearing decisions of modern Americans to reshape the people more to its liking." I told you this book was whacked.
Krikorian claims that because Americans have fewer children, therefore, they want a lower population. Krikorian believes that the government has made a conscious decision to allow more immigration because they want more people. I know. It's a ridiculous premise and doesn't even deserve a response.
In summary, Krikorian takes the shotgun approach throwing every argument against immigration that he can possibly think of whether it has any merit or not with the hopes that one of the arguments will convince a reader that immigration has adverse effects on the nation and must be stopped. The result is that he ends up looking like a paranoid radical anti-immigration fanatic.
The truth is that there are some very valid arguments against mass immigration. By presenting them alongside ridiculous claims like the government is engaged in social engineering by permitting immigration only serves to lessen the impact of the arguments.
Krikorian's answer to every problem is stop mass immigration. A more intelligent analysis would be to consider the costs and benefits of immigration and devise policies to accentuate the benefits meanwhile minimizing the costs.
Tuesday, November 25, 2008
Friday, December 1, 2006
Anti-Immigrant Propaganda
It all started years ago. A list of supposed facts was circulated via email. The facts [sic] purported to document the adverse effects of illegal immigration. The email claimed that these facts [sic] were published in the L.A. Times. However, the L.A. Times never published these facts [sic], and most of the facts [sic] were false.
In response, the L.A. Times published a statement refuting the claim that they had published the facts [sic]. The L.A. Times also refuted the validity of many of the claims. Below is the response from the L.A. Times
http://opinion.latimes.com/immigration/2006/05/according_to_th.html
Fact” 1: 40% of all workers in L.A. County (L.A. County has 10 million people) are working for cash and not paying taxes. This was because they are predominantly illegal immigrants, working without a green card.
LAT citations: None.
Factual basis: The Economic Roundtable, a research outfit affiliated with the Los Angeles County government, concluded in a December 2005 report [PDF] that the low-end estimate for LA County workers working for cash is 322,400 and the high end is 972,500 in 2000. From this, the Economic Roundtable paper extrapolates a mid-range 2004 estimate of 679,000, or 15% of the workforce. (Note that the total workforce of Los Angeles County is about 4.5 million, while the total population is closer to 10 million.)
“Fact” 2: 95% of warrants for murder in Los Angeles are for illegal aliens.
LAT citations: May 15, 2005 � “According to Heather MacDonald of the Manhattan Institute, 95% of the hundreds of outstanding homicide warrants (and 60% of outstanding felony warrants) in L.A. are for illegal immigrants.”Similar citations: January 19, 2004
Factual basis: An outstanding warrant is quite a different beast than a regular warrant, so this “fact” left out the key word. We did some more checking on the outstanding warrants point itself. MacDonald stated this in a 2004 City Journal article, and in testimony before the House of Representatives in spring 2005, noting that this came to 1,200-1,500 warrants. One LAPD officer cited the same factoid in the National Review earlier this year, saying that it’s specific to “the first half of 2004″. But Jane Robison, press secretary for the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office, told us that the D.A. does not keep track of this number; a representative with Detective Headquarters said the same.
“Fact” 3: 75% of people on the Most Wanted List in Los Angeles are illegal aliens.LAT citations: None.
Factual basis: We can’t locate such a fact anywhere. The Los Angeles Police Department’s most wanted list contains a number of people with unknown or obscured identities, suggesting that tallying the legal status of everyone on the list would be very difficult if not impossible. Ditto for the FBI’s most-wanted list.
“Fact” 4: Over 2/3’s of all births in Los Angeles County are to illegal alien Mexicans on Medi-Cal whose births were paid for by taxpayers.
LAT citations: Jan. 15, 1999 � “As many as 70,000 illegal immigrants a year use state-funded prenatal services.” (Similar citations: Jan. 14, 1999, June 12, 1998, March 6, 1998, Jan. 30, 1998, Jan. 4, 1998, Dec. 18, 1997, Aug. 26, 1997, July 10, 1997, Feb. 6, 1997, Nov. 13, 1996, Nov. 5, 1996, Nov. 2, 1996, OCt. 24, 1996, Oct. 17, 1996)
Feb. 14, 1999 � “Two-thirds of all births here are to foreign-born mothers.” (Similar citation: July 25, 2004 � “40% of the births in California are to foreign-born women.”)July 7, 1998 � “[Rep. Elton] Gallegly [(R-Simi Valley)] cited a 1990-91 Los Angeles County study that showed that two-thirds of the women giving birth in public hospitals were undocumented.” (Similar citations: Oct. 2, 1995, July 19, 1995, June 11, 1995, Jan. 27, 1995, Nov. 21, 1993, Sept. 13, 1993, Aug. 17, 1993, Aug. 1, 1993, May 28, 1992, Apr. 2, 1992, Oct. 26, 1991, Oct. 24, 1991)
Factual basis: None of these citations establishes the “fact” above. According to the California Department of Health Services, 158,782 babies were born in L.A. County in 2001 (these are the most recent statistics available online). Of these, 99,089 were to Hispanic mothers. That’s just under 2/3 � 62.4% for all Hispanic moms, which would include legal and undocumented mothers from Mexico as well as other countries.
“Fact” 5: Nearly 25% of all inmates in California detention centers are Mexican nationals here illegally.
LAT citations: May 1, 2005, in an op-ed by Rep. Tom Tancredo (R-Col.) � “More than 10% of the inmates in U.S. jails and prisons are illegal aliens, and in California it is more than 20%.”
July 11, 2004 � “Each year, the [Los Angeles] County Jail system processes about 170,000 inmates, and federal officials estimate that a fourth of them are illegal immigrants. But with just a fraction of the foreign-born being questioned, officials say it is impossible to know exactly how many illegal immigrants are in the system and how much the county should receive in federal compensation.” (Similar citations for Riverside County, Apr. 12, 2006; Anaheim city, Nov. 5, 1997, June 27, 1996; Los Angeles County, Jan. 25, 1996, Jan. 15, 1996, July 10, 1995, May 23, 1995; state and county, Nov. 27, 1993, June 1, 1993, Oct. 19, 1992, Oct. 6, 1992, Aug. 4, 1992, Aug. 18, 1991, Dec. 16, 1990, Dec. 4, 1985)Factual basis: The 25% figure could be approximately correct for state and federal prisons in California, or correct for county, at least as of 2004. But “detention centers” is an extremely broad term that could include all juvenile detention facilities, federal prisons, state prisons, and county jails in California’s 58 counties � making this figure very tough to come by. The San Francisco Chronicle offered a lower figure for state prisons on May 4: “Of the nearly 171,000 inmates crowding state prisons, 22,478, or about 13 percent as of March 31, are undocumented immigrants or are suspected of being undocumented.” The Federation for American Immigration Reform, a group in favor of reducing immigration, offers a lower figure for L.A. County jails: “Deportable aliens comprise 11% of the Los Angeles County jail population costing the county an estimated $75 million a year.”
“Fact” 6: Over 300,000 illegal aliens in Los Angeles County are living in garages.
LAT citations: Jan. 31, 1994 � “As many as 100,000 families in Los Angeles County are believed to be living in bootlegged apartments or illegally converted garages.”May 24, 1987 � “A systematic survey by The Times indicates that about 42,000 garages are sheltering about 200,000 people in Los Angeles County.” (Similar citations: Apr. 3, 1989)
Factual basis: None of these estimates makes clear who among those taking shelter in garages are in the country illegally. No comment so far from county offices. One City of Los Angeles representative said that the last tally was done over five years ago, and found 50,000 to 70,000 illegally converted units in the city of Los Angeles, out of about 800,000 residences.
“Fact” 7: The FBI reports half of all gang members in Los Angeles are most likely illegal aliens from south of the border.
LAT citations: May 15, 2005, in an op-ed by attorney Carol Platt Liebau � “Of the membership of the notorious 18th Street gang, estimated at 20,000, fully 60% are illegal aliens, according to a 1995 report by the state Department of Justice.” (Similar citations: Jan. 19, 2004, March 25, 2000, June 11, 1997, Dec. 17, 1996, Nov. 21, 1996, Nov. 17, 1996)Factual basis: Heather MacDonald of Manhattan Institute stated that “No one knows for certain the percentage of illegals in gangs, thanks in large part to sanctuary laws themselves.” She does offer some statistics in the City Journal:
A confidential California Department of Justice study reported in 1995 that 60 percent of the 20,000-strong 18th Street Gang in southern California is illegal; police officers say the proportion is actually much greater. [...]
The leadership of the Columbia Lil� Cycos gang, which uses murder and racketeering to control the drug market around L.A.�s MacArthur Park, was about 60 percent illegal in 2002, says former assistant U.S. attorney Luis Li.
Even if you accept the 18th Street Gang estimates, which would be notoriously difficult to determine with accuracy, that’s just one gang in a city where several prominent gangs � including the Crips, Bloods and Aryan Nation � are not largely comprised of immigrants, at least not from “south of the border.”
“Fact” 8: Nearly 60% of all occupants of HUD properties are illegal.
LAT citations: None.
Factual basis: No comment yet from HUD, and the only statistic we found online is at FAIR, and it is for only the state of California:
The state Housing and Community Development department has prepared new screening rules based on the welfare reform legislation adopted by Congress in 1996 that would ban illegal aliens from public housing programs. The HCD estimates that as many as 5 percent of 25,000 housing units could be affected.
“Fact” 9: 21 radio stations in L.A. are Spanish speaking.
LAT citations: None in the last 10 years.
Factual basis: Estimates vary by source: one website lists 15 Spanish stations out of 78, another lists 18 out of 83.
“Fact” 10: In L.A. County, 5.1 million people speak English. 3.9 million speak Spanish (10.2 million people in L.A.County).
LAT citations: None.
Factual basis: The Census reports that as of the year 2004, 3.9 million people in L.A. County speak only English at home; 3.7 million speak primarily Spanish at home.
In response, the L.A. Times published a statement refuting the claim that they had published the facts [sic]. The L.A. Times also refuted the validity of many of the claims. Below is the response from the L.A. Times
http://opinion.latimes.com/immigration/2006/05/according_to_th.html
Fact” 1: 40% of all workers in L.A. County (L.A. County has 10 million people) are working for cash and not paying taxes. This was because they are predominantly illegal immigrants, working without a green card.
LAT citations: None.
Factual basis: The Economic Roundtable, a research outfit affiliated with the Los Angeles County government, concluded in a December 2005 report [PDF] that the low-end estimate for LA County workers working for cash is 322,400 and the high end is 972,500 in 2000. From this, the Economic Roundtable paper extrapolates a mid-range 2004 estimate of 679,000, or 15% of the workforce. (Note that the total workforce of Los Angeles County is about 4.5 million, while the total population is closer to 10 million.)
“Fact” 2: 95% of warrants for murder in Los Angeles are for illegal aliens.
LAT citations: May 15, 2005 � “According to Heather MacDonald of the Manhattan Institute, 95% of the hundreds of outstanding homicide warrants (and 60% of outstanding felony warrants) in L.A. are for illegal immigrants.”Similar citations: January 19, 2004
Factual basis: An outstanding warrant is quite a different beast than a regular warrant, so this “fact” left out the key word. We did some more checking on the outstanding warrants point itself. MacDonald stated this in a 2004 City Journal article, and in testimony before the House of Representatives in spring 2005, noting that this came to 1,200-1,500 warrants. One LAPD officer cited the same factoid in the National Review earlier this year, saying that it’s specific to “the first half of 2004″. But Jane Robison, press secretary for the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office, told us that the D.A. does not keep track of this number; a representative with Detective Headquarters said the same.
“Fact” 3: 75% of people on the Most Wanted List in Los Angeles are illegal aliens.LAT citations: None.
Factual basis: We can’t locate such a fact anywhere. The Los Angeles Police Department’s most wanted list contains a number of people with unknown or obscured identities, suggesting that tallying the legal status of everyone on the list would be very difficult if not impossible. Ditto for the FBI’s most-wanted list.
“Fact” 4: Over 2/3’s of all births in Los Angeles County are to illegal alien Mexicans on Medi-Cal whose births were paid for by taxpayers.
LAT citations: Jan. 15, 1999 � “As many as 70,000 illegal immigrants a year use state-funded prenatal services.” (Similar citations: Jan. 14, 1999, June 12, 1998, March 6, 1998, Jan. 30, 1998, Jan. 4, 1998, Dec. 18, 1997, Aug. 26, 1997, July 10, 1997, Feb. 6, 1997, Nov. 13, 1996, Nov. 5, 1996, Nov. 2, 1996, OCt. 24, 1996, Oct. 17, 1996)
Feb. 14, 1999 � “Two-thirds of all births here are to foreign-born mothers.” (Similar citation: July 25, 2004 � “40% of the births in California are to foreign-born women.”)July 7, 1998 � “[Rep. Elton] Gallegly [(R-Simi Valley)] cited a 1990-91 Los Angeles County study that showed that two-thirds of the women giving birth in public hospitals were undocumented.” (Similar citations: Oct. 2, 1995, July 19, 1995, June 11, 1995, Jan. 27, 1995, Nov. 21, 1993, Sept. 13, 1993, Aug. 17, 1993, Aug. 1, 1993, May 28, 1992, Apr. 2, 1992, Oct. 26, 1991, Oct. 24, 1991)
Factual basis: None of these citations establishes the “fact” above. According to the California Department of Health Services, 158,782 babies were born in L.A. County in 2001 (these are the most recent statistics available online). Of these, 99,089 were to Hispanic mothers. That’s just under 2/3 � 62.4% for all Hispanic moms, which would include legal and undocumented mothers from Mexico as well as other countries.
“Fact” 5: Nearly 25% of all inmates in California detention centers are Mexican nationals here illegally.
LAT citations: May 1, 2005, in an op-ed by Rep. Tom Tancredo (R-Col.) � “More than 10% of the inmates in U.S. jails and prisons are illegal aliens, and in California it is more than 20%.”
July 11, 2004 � “Each year, the [Los Angeles] County Jail system processes about 170,000 inmates, and federal officials estimate that a fourth of them are illegal immigrants. But with just a fraction of the foreign-born being questioned, officials say it is impossible to know exactly how many illegal immigrants are in the system and how much the county should receive in federal compensation.” (Similar citations for Riverside County, Apr. 12, 2006; Anaheim city, Nov. 5, 1997, June 27, 1996; Los Angeles County, Jan. 25, 1996, Jan. 15, 1996, July 10, 1995, May 23, 1995; state and county, Nov. 27, 1993, June 1, 1993, Oct. 19, 1992, Oct. 6, 1992, Aug. 4, 1992, Aug. 18, 1991, Dec. 16, 1990, Dec. 4, 1985)Factual basis: The 25% figure could be approximately correct for state and federal prisons in California, or correct for county, at least as of 2004. But “detention centers” is an extremely broad term that could include all juvenile detention facilities, federal prisons, state prisons, and county jails in California’s 58 counties � making this figure very tough to come by. The San Francisco Chronicle offered a lower figure for state prisons on May 4: “Of the nearly 171,000 inmates crowding state prisons, 22,478, or about 13 percent as of March 31, are undocumented immigrants or are suspected of being undocumented.” The Federation for American Immigration Reform, a group in favor of reducing immigration, offers a lower figure for L.A. County jails: “Deportable aliens comprise 11% of the Los Angeles County jail population costing the county an estimated $75 million a year.”
“Fact” 6: Over 300,000 illegal aliens in Los Angeles County are living in garages.
LAT citations: Jan. 31, 1994 � “As many as 100,000 families in Los Angeles County are believed to be living in bootlegged apartments or illegally converted garages.”May 24, 1987 � “A systematic survey by The Times indicates that about 42,000 garages are sheltering about 200,000 people in Los Angeles County.” (Similar citations: Apr. 3, 1989)
Factual basis: None of these estimates makes clear who among those taking shelter in garages are in the country illegally. No comment so far from county offices. One City of Los Angeles representative said that the last tally was done over five years ago, and found 50,000 to 70,000 illegally converted units in the city of Los Angeles, out of about 800,000 residences.
“Fact” 7: The FBI reports half of all gang members in Los Angeles are most likely illegal aliens from south of the border.
LAT citations: May 15, 2005, in an op-ed by attorney Carol Platt Liebau � “Of the membership of the notorious 18th Street gang, estimated at 20,000, fully 60% are illegal aliens, according to a 1995 report by the state Department of Justice.” (Similar citations: Jan. 19, 2004, March 25, 2000, June 11, 1997, Dec. 17, 1996, Nov. 21, 1996, Nov. 17, 1996)Factual basis: Heather MacDonald of Manhattan Institute stated that “No one knows for certain the percentage of illegals in gangs, thanks in large part to sanctuary laws themselves.” She does offer some statistics in the City Journal:
A confidential California Department of Justice study reported in 1995 that 60 percent of the 20,000-strong 18th Street Gang in southern California is illegal; police officers say the proportion is actually much greater. [...]
The leadership of the Columbia Lil� Cycos gang, which uses murder and racketeering to control the drug market around L.A.�s MacArthur Park, was about 60 percent illegal in 2002, says former assistant U.S. attorney Luis Li.
Even if you accept the 18th Street Gang estimates, which would be notoriously difficult to determine with accuracy, that’s just one gang in a city where several prominent gangs � including the Crips, Bloods and Aryan Nation � are not largely comprised of immigrants, at least not from “south of the border.”
“Fact” 8: Nearly 60% of all occupants of HUD properties are illegal.
LAT citations: None.
Factual basis: No comment yet from HUD, and the only statistic we found online is at FAIR, and it is for only the state of California:
The state Housing and Community Development department has prepared new screening rules based on the welfare reform legislation adopted by Congress in 1996 that would ban illegal aliens from public housing programs. The HCD estimates that as many as 5 percent of 25,000 housing units could be affected.
“Fact” 9: 21 radio stations in L.A. are Spanish speaking.
LAT citations: None in the last 10 years.
Factual basis: Estimates vary by source: one website lists 15 Spanish stations out of 78, another lists 18 out of 83.
“Fact” 10: In L.A. County, 5.1 million people speak English. 3.9 million speak Spanish (10.2 million people in L.A.County).
LAT citations: None.
Factual basis: The Census reports that as of the year 2004, 3.9 million people in L.A. County speak only English at home; 3.7 million speak primarily Spanish at home.
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